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The
Peace of Westphalia refers to the pair of Treaty, the Treaty of Osnabrück and the Treaty of Münster, signed on May 15 and
October 24 of
1648 respectively, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. The treaties involved the
Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Habsburg, the other Holy Roman Empire Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain,
Kingdom of France, Sweden and representatives of the
Dutch Republic. The
Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in
1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of the overall accord.
Locations
The peace negotiations were held in the cities of
Münster and Osnabrück, which lie about 50 km apart from each other, in the present day German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony.
Sweden had favored Osnabrück due to its Protestant background, France chose Münster due to its Catholic background. In any case two locations were required because Protestantism and
Roman Catholic Church leaders refused to meet each other. The Catholics used Münster, while the Protestants used Osnabrück.
Delegations
The French delegation was headed by
Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville and further comprised the diplomats Claude d'Avaux and
Abel Servien. The Swedish
plenipotentiary were Johan Oxenstierna, the son of chancellor
Axel Oxenstierna, and Johann Adler Salvius. The head of the delegation of the Holy Roman Empire for both cities was Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff; in Münster, his aides were Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar and Isaak Volmar (a lawyer); in Osnabrück, his team comprised Johann Maximilian von Lamberg and
Reichshofrat Johann Krane, another lawyer. The Spanish delegation was headed by Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán. The nuntius of Cologne,
Pope Alexander VII, and the Venice envoy Alvise Contarini acted as mediators. Various Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations. The
Dutch Republic sent a delegation of eight, and
Johann Rudolf Wettstein, the mayor of Basel, represented the
Old Swiss Confederacy.
Results
Internal political boundaries
The power which Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor had taken for himself in contravention of the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped, meaning that the rulers of the
German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.
cuius regio, eius religio, below Protestants and Catholics were redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was given legal recognition. Treaty of Munich 1648 Barro, RJ and McCleary, RM
Which Countries have State Religions? Page 5. http://economics.uchicago.edu/download/state_religion_03-03.pdf - URL Accessed 7 November 2006
Tenets
The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia were:
- All parties would now recognize the Peace_of_Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio). Section 28
- Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. Section 28
There were also territorial adjustments:
- Sweden received an indemnity, as well as control of Swedish Pomerania and the Prince-Bishoprics of Archbishopric of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden. It thus won control of the mouth of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers, and acquired three voices in the Council of Princes of the German Reichstag.
- Bavaria retained the Electoral Palatinate's vote in the Prince-elector (which elected the Holy Roman Emperor), which it had been granted by the ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. The Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, Frederick's son, was given a new, eighth electoral vote.
- The independence of the city of Bremen was clarified.
- Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and 'a degree' of free navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine. Gross, Leo 'The Peace of Westphalia' The American Journal of International Law Vol. 42 Issue 1 (Jan 1948) pp.20-41
References
See also
External links
- Treaty Text
- Treaty Text (Yale University)
- Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
- High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia
- Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text)
- Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text)
The
Peace of Westphalia refers to the pair of
Treaty, the Treaty of
Osnabrück and the Treaty of Münster, signed on
May 15 and
October 24 of
1648 respectively, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor,
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor Habsburg, the other
Holy Roman Empire Princes of the Holy Roman Empire,
Spain, Kingdom of France, Sweden and representatives of the
Dutch Republic. The
Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of the overall accord.
Locations
The peace negotiations were held in the cities of
Münster and Osnabrück, which lie about 50 km apart from each other, in the present day German states of
North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony.
Sweden had favored Osnabrück due to its Protestant background, France chose Münster due to its Catholic background. In any case two locations were required because
Protestantism and
Roman Catholic Church leaders refused to meet each other. The Catholics used Münster, while the Protestants used Osnabrück.
Delegations
The French delegation was headed by
Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville and further comprised the diplomats Claude d'Avaux and Abel Servien. The Swedish plenipotentiary were
Johan Oxenstierna, the son of chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, and Johann Adler Salvius. The head of the delegation of the Holy Roman Empire for both cities was
Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff; in Münster, his aides were
Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar and Isaak Volmar (a lawyer); in Osnabrück, his team comprised
Johann Maximilian von Lamberg and
Reichshofrat Johann Krane, another lawyer. The Spanish delegation was headed by Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán. The nuntius of
Cologne,
Pope Alexander VII, and the Venice envoy
Alvise Contarini acted as mediators. Various Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations. The Dutch Republic sent a delegation of eight, and Johann Rudolf Wettstein, the mayor of Basel, represented the
Old Swiss Confederacy.
Results
Internal political boundaries
The power which Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor had taken for himself in contravention of the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped, meaning that the rulers of the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.
cuius regio, eius religio, below Protestants and Catholics were redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was given legal recognition. Treaty of Munich 1648 Barro, RJ and McCleary, RM
Which Countries have State Religions? Page 5. http://economics.uchicago.edu/download/state_religion_03-03.pdf - URL Accessed 7 November 2006
Tenets
The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia were:
- All parties would now recognize the Peace_of_Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio). Section 28
- Christians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. Section 28
There were also territorial adjustments:
- Bavaria retained the Electoral Palatinate's vote in the Prince-elector (which elected the Holy Roman Emperor), which it had been granted by the ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. The Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, Frederick's son, was given a new, eighth electoral vote.
- It was agreed that the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück would alternate between Protestant and Catholic holders, with the Protestant bishops chosen from cadets of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
- The independence of the city of Bremen was clarified.
- Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and 'a degree' of free navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine. Gross, Leo 'The Peace of Westphalia' The American Journal of International Law Vol. 42 Issue 1 (Jan 1948) pp.20-41
References
See also
External links
- Treaty Text
- Treaty Text (Yale University)
- Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
- High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia
- Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text)
- Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text)
Peace of Westphalia
Peace of Westphalia, treaty that ended the Thirty Years War ... Treaty that ended the Thirty Years War. The Peace greatly weakened the Empire, to the benefit of most of its enemies ...
Peace of Westphalia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648 respectively, which ended both the Thirty Years ...
The Peace of Westphalia::
The Thirty Years War was ended by the Peace of Westphalia which was referred to as the "Peace of Exhaustion" by contemporaries. The Peace of Westphalia was not one ...
The Thirty Years War::
The Peace of Westphalia
Avalon Project: The Peace of Westphalia
Full text of the 1648 Treaty of Münster, which, together with the simultaneous Treaty of Osnabrück, brought the war to an end.
Westphalia, Peace definition of Westphalia, Peace in the Free Online ...
Encyclopedia article about Westphalia, Peace. Information about Westphalia, Peace in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
Westphalia, Peace of definition of Westphalia, Peace of in the Free ...
Encyclopedia article about Westphalia, Peace of. Information about Westphalia, Peace of in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
Peace of Westphalia — Infoplease.com
Encyclopedia Westphalia, Peace of. Westphalia, Peace of, 1648, general settlement ending the Thirty Years War. It marked the end of the Holy Roman Empire as an effective ...
Westphalia, Peace of - MSN Encarta
Westphalia, Peace of, treaty signed on October 24, 1648, that closed the Thirty Years War and readjusted the religious and political affairs of...
Category:Peace of Westphalia - Wikimedia Commons
Media in category "Peace of Westphalia" The following 8 files are in this category, out of 8 total.
